Image classification with modern MLP models
Author: Khalid Salama
Date created: 2021/05/30
Last modified: 2023/08/03
Description: Implementing the MLP-Mixer, FNet, and gMLP models for CIFAR-100 image classification.
Introduction
This example implements three modern attention-free, multi-layer perceptron (MLP) based models for image classification, demonstrated on the CIFAR-100 dataset:
- The MLP-Mixer model, by Ilya Tolstikhin et al., based on two types of MLPs.
- The FNet model, by James Lee-Thorp et al., based on unparameterized Fourier Transform.
- The gMLP model, by Hanxiao Liu et al., based on MLP with gating.
The purpose of the example is not to compare between these models, as they might perform differently on different datasets with well-tuned hyperparameters. Rather, it is to show simple implementations of their main building blocks.
Setup
import numpy as np
import keras
from keras import layers
Prepare the data
num_classes = 100
input_shape = (32, 32, 3)
(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = keras.datasets.cifar100.load_data()
print(f"x_train shape: {x_train.shape} - y_train shape: {y_train.shape}")
print(f"x_test shape: {x_test.shape} - y_test shape: {y_test.shape}")
x_train shape: (50000, 32, 32, 3) - y_train shape: (50000, 1)
x_test shape: (10000, 32, 32, 3) - y_test shape: (10000, 1)
Configure the hyperparameters
weight_decay = 0.0001
batch_size = 128
num_epochs = 1 # Recommended num_epochs = 50
dropout_rate = 0.2
image_size = 64 # We'll resize input images to this size.
patch_size = 8 # Size of the patches to be extracted from the input images.
num_patches = (image_size // patch_size) ** 2 # Size of the data array.
embedding_dim = 256 # Number of hidden units.
num_blocks = 4 # Number of blocks.
print(f"Image size: {image_size} X {image_size} = {image_size ** 2}")
print(f"Patch size: {patch_size} X {patch_size} = {patch_size ** 2} ")
print(f"Patches per image: {num_patches}")
print(f"Elements per patch (3 channels): {(patch_size ** 2) * 3}")
Image size: 64 X 64 = 4096
Patch size: 8 X 8 = 64
Patches per image: 64
Elements per patch (3 channels): 192
Build a classification model
We implement a method that builds a classifier given the processing blocks.
def build_classifier(blocks, positional_encoding=False):
inputs = layers.Input(shape=input_shape)
# Augment data.
augmented = data_augmentation(inputs)
# Create patches.
patches = Patches(patch_size)(augmented)
# Encode patches to generate a [batch_size, num_patches, embedding_dim] tensor.
x = layers.Dense(units=embedding_dim)(patches)
if positional_encoding:
x = x + PositionEmbedding(sequence_length=num_patches)(x)
# Process x using the module blocks.
x = blocks(x)
# Apply global average pooling to generate a [batch_size, embedding_dim] representation tensor.
representation = layers.GlobalAveragePooling1D()(x)
# Apply dropout.
representation = layers.Dropout(rate=dropout_rate)(representation)
# Compute logits outputs.
logits = layers.Dense(num_classes)(representation)
# Create the Keras model.
return keras.Model(inputs=inputs, outputs=logits)
Define an experiment
We implement a utility function to compile, train, and evaluate a given model.
def run_experiment(model):
# Create Adam optimizer with weight decay.
optimizer = keras.optimizers.AdamW(
learning_rate=learning_rate,
weight_decay=weight_decay,
)
# Compile the model.
model.compile(
optimizer=optimizer,
loss=keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True),
metrics=[
keras.metrics.SparseCategoricalAccuracy(name="acc"),
keras.metrics.SparseTopKCategoricalAccuracy(5, name="top5-acc"),
],
)
# Create a learning rate scheduler callback.
reduce_lr = keras.callbacks.ReduceLROnPlateau(
monitor="val_loss", factor=0.5, patience=5
)
# Create an early stopping callback.
early_stopping = keras.callbacks.EarlyStopping(
monitor="val_loss", patience=10, restore_best_weights=True
)
# Fit the model.
history = model.fit(
x=x_train,
y=y_train,
batch_size=batch_size,
epochs=num_epochs,
validation_split=0.1,
callbacks=[early_stopping, reduce_lr],
verbose=0,
)
_, accuracy, top_5_accuracy = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test)
print(f"Test accuracy: {round(accuracy * 100, 2)}%")
print(f"Test top 5 accuracy: {round(top_5_accuracy * 100, 2)}%")
# Return history to plot learning curves.
return history
Use data augmentation
data_augmentation = keras.Sequential(
[
layers.Normalization(),
layers.Resizing(image_size, image_size),
layers.RandomFlip("horizontal"),
layers.RandomZoom(height_factor=0.2, width_factor=0.2),
],
name="data_augmentation",
)
# Compute the mean and the variance of the training data for normalization.
data_augmentation.layers[0].adapt(x_train)
Implement patch extraction as a layer
class Patches(layers.Layer):
def __init__(self, patch_size, **kwargs):
super().__init__(**kwargs)
self.patch_size = patch_size
def call(self, x):
patches = keras.ops.image.extract_patches(x, self.patch_size)
batch_size = keras.ops.shape(patches)[0]
num_patches = keras.ops.shape(patches)[1] * keras.ops.shape(patches)[2]
patch_dim = keras.ops.shape(patches)[3]
out = keras.ops.reshape(patches, (batch_size, num_patches, patch_dim))
return out
Implement position embedding as a layer
class PositionEmbedding(keras.layers.Layer):
def __init__(
self,
sequence_length,
initializer="glorot_uniform",
**kwargs,
):
super().__init__(**kwargs)
if sequence_length is None:
raise ValueError("`sequence_length` must be an Integer, received `None`.")
self.sequence_length = int(sequence_length)
self.initializer = keras.initializers.get(initializer)
def get_config(self):
config = super().get_config()
config.update(
{
"sequence_length": self.sequence_length,
"initializer": keras.initializers.serialize(self.initializer),
}
)
return config
def build(self, input_shape):
feature_size = input_shape[-1]
self.position_embeddings = self.add_weight(
name="embeddings",
shape=[self.sequence_length, feature_size],
initializer=self.initializer,
trainable=True,
)
super().build(input_shape)
def call(self, inputs, start_index=0):
shape = keras.ops.shape(inputs)
feature_length = shape[-1]
sequence_length = shape[-2]
# trim to match the length of the input sequence, which might be less
# than the sequence_length of the layer.
position_embeddings = keras.ops.convert_to_tensor(self.position_embeddings)
position_embeddings = keras.ops.slice(
position_embeddings,
(start_index, 0),
(sequence_length, feature_length),
)
return keras.ops.broadcast_to(position_embeddings, shape)
def compute_output_shape(self, input_shape):
return input_shape
The MLP-Mixer model
The MLP-Mixer is an architecture based exclusively on multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs), that contains two types of MLP layers:
- One applied independently to image patches, which mixes the per-location features.
- The other applied across patches (along channels), which mixes spatial information.
This is similar to a depthwise separable convolution based model such as the Xception model, but with two chained dense transforms, no max pooling, and layer normalization instead of batch normalization.
Implement the MLP-Mixer module
class MLPMixerLayer(layers.Layer):
def __init__(self, num_patches, hidden_units, dropout_rate, *args, **kwargs):
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.mlp1 = keras.Sequential(
[
layers.Dense(units=num_patches, activation="gelu"),
layers.Dense(units=num_patches),
layers.Dropout(rate=dropout_rate),
]
)
self.mlp2 = keras.Sequential(
[
layers.Dense(units=num_patches, activation="gelu"),
layers.Dense(units=hidden_units),
layers.Dropout(rate=dropout_rate),
]
)
self.normalize = layers.LayerNormalization(epsilon=1e-6)
def build(self, input_shape):
return super().build(input_shape)
def call(self, inputs):
# Apply layer normalization.
x = self.normalize(inputs)
# Transpose inputs from [num_batches, num_patches, hidden_units] to [num_batches, hidden_units, num_patches].
x_channels = keras.ops.transpose(x, axes=(0, 2, 1))
# Apply mlp1 on each channel independently.
mlp1_outputs = self.mlp1(x_channels)
# Transpose mlp1_outputs from [num_batches, hidden_dim, num_patches] to [num_batches, num_patches, hidden_units].
mlp1_outputs = keras.ops.transpose(mlp1_outputs, axes=(0, 2, 1))
# Add skip connection.
x = mlp1_outputs + inputs
# Apply layer normalization.
x_patches = self.normalize(x)
# Apply mlp2 on each patch independtenly.
mlp2_outputs = self.mlp2(x_patches)
# Add skip connection.
x = x + mlp2_outputs
return x
Build, train, and evaluate the MLP-Mixer model
Note that training the model with the current settings on a V100 GPUs takes around 8 seconds per epoch.
mlpmixer_blocks = keras.Sequential(
[MLPMixerLayer(num_patches, embedding_dim, dropout_rate) for _ in range(num_blocks)]
)
learning_rate = 0.005
mlpmixer_classifier = build_classifier(mlpmixer_blocks)
history = run_experiment(mlpmixer_classifier)
Test accuracy: 9.76%
Test top 5 accuracy: 30.8%
The MLP-Mixer model tends to have much less number of parameters compared to convolutional and transformer-based models, which leads to less training and serving computational cost.
As mentioned in the MLP-Mixer paper, when pre-trained on large datasets, or with modern regularization schemes, the MLP-Mixer attains competitive scores to state-of-the-art models. You can obtain better results by increasing the embedding dimensions, increasing the number of mixer blocks, and training the model for longer. You may also try to increase the size of the input images and use different patch sizes.
The FNet model
The FNet uses a similar block to the Transformer block. However, FNet replaces the self-attention layer in the Transformer block with a parameter-free 2D Fourier transformation layer:
- One 1D Fourier Transform is applied along the patches.
- One 1D Fourier Transform is applied along the channels.
Implement the FNet module
class FNetLayer(layers.Layer):
def __init__(self, embedding_dim, dropout_rate, *args, **kwargs):
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.ffn = keras.Sequential(
[
layers.Dense(units=embedding_dim, activation="gelu"),
layers.Dropout(rate=dropout_rate),
layers.Dense(units=embedding_dim),
]
)
self.normalize1 = layers.LayerNormalization(epsilon=1e-6)
self.normalize2 = layers.LayerNormalization(epsilon=1e-6)
def call(self, inputs):
# Apply fourier transformations.
real_part = inputs
im_part = keras.ops.zeros_like(inputs)
x = keras.ops.fft2((real_part, im_part))[0]
# Add skip connection.
x = x + inputs
# Apply layer normalization.
x = self.normalize1(x)
# Apply Feedfowrad network.
x_ffn = self.ffn(x)
# Add skip connection.
x = x + x_ffn
# Apply layer normalization.
return self.normalize2(x)
Build, train, and evaluate the FNet model
Note that training the model with the current settings on a V100 GPUs takes around 8 seconds per epoch.
fnet_blocks = keras.Sequential(
[FNetLayer(embedding_dim, dropout_rate) for _ in range(num_blocks)]
)
learning_rate = 0.001
fnet_classifier = build_classifier(fnet_blocks, positional_encoding=True)
history = run_experiment(fnet_classifier)
Test accuracy: 13.82%
Test top 5 accuracy: 36.15%
As shown in the FNet paper, better results can be achieved by increasing the embedding dimensions, increasing the number of FNet blocks, and training the model for longer. You may also try to increase the size of the input images and use different patch sizes. The FNet scales very efficiently to long inputs, runs much faster than attention-based Transformer models, and produces competitive accuracy results.
The gMLP model
The gMLP is a MLP architecture that features a Spatial Gating Unit (SGU). The SGU enables cross-patch interactions across the spatial (channel) dimension, by:
- Transforming the input spatially by applying linear projection across patches (along channels).
- Applying element-wise multiplication of the input and its spatial transformation.
Implement the gMLP module
class gMLPLayer(layers.Layer):
def __init__(self, num_patches, embedding_dim, dropout_rate, *args, **kwargs):
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.channel_projection1 = keras.Sequential(
[
layers.Dense(units=embedding_dim * 2, activation="gelu"),
layers.Dropout(rate=dropout_rate),
]
)
self.channel_projection2 = layers.Dense(units=embedding_dim)
self.spatial_projection = layers.Dense(
units=num_patches, bias_initializer="Ones"
)
self.normalize1 = layers.LayerNormalization(epsilon=1e-6)
self.normalize2 = layers.LayerNormalization(epsilon=1e-6)
def spatial_gating_unit(self, x):
# Split x along the channel dimensions.
# Tensors u and v will in the shape of [batch_size, num_patchs, embedding_dim].
u, v = keras.ops.split(x, indices_or_sections=2, axis=2)
# Apply layer normalization.
v = self.normalize2(v)
# Apply spatial projection.
v_channels = keras.ops.transpose(v, axes=(0, 2, 1))
v_projected = self.spatial_projection(v_channels)
v_projected = keras.ops.transpose(v_projected, axes=(0, 2, 1))
# Apply element-wise multiplication.
return u * v_projected
def call(self, inputs):
# Apply layer normalization.
x = self.normalize1(inputs)
# Apply the first channel projection. x_projected shape: [batch_size, num_patches, embedding_dim * 2].
x_projected = self.channel_projection1(x)
# Apply the spatial gating unit. x_spatial shape: [batch_size, num_patches, embedding_dim].
x_spatial = self.spatial_gating_unit(x_projected)
# Apply the second channel projection. x_projected shape: [batch_size, num_patches, embedding_dim].
x_projected = self.channel_projection2(x_spatial)
# Add skip connection.
return x + x_projected
Build, train, and evaluate the gMLP model
Note that training the model with the current settings on a V100 GPUs takes around 9 seconds per epoch.
gmlp_blocks = keras.Sequential(
[gMLPLayer(num_patches, embedding_dim, dropout_rate) for _ in range(num_blocks)]
)
learning_rate = 0.003
gmlp_classifier = build_classifier(gmlp_blocks)
history = run_experiment(gmlp_classifier)
Test accuracy: 17.05%
Test top 5 accuracy: 42.57%
As shown in the gMLP paper, better results can be achieved by increasing the embedding dimensions, increasing the number of gMLP blocks, and training the model for longer. You may also try to increase the size of the input images and use different patch sizes. Note that, the paper used advanced regularization strategies, such as MixUp and CutMix, as well as AutoAugment.